From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Twitter is a
social networking and
microblogging service that enables its users to send and read messages known as
tweets. Tweets are
text-based posts of up to 140
characters displayed on the author's profile page and delivered to the author's subscribers who are known as
followers. Senders can restrict delivery to those in their circle of friends or, by default, allow open access. Since late 2009, users can follow lists of authors instead of following individual authors.
[4][5] All users can send and receive tweets via the Twitter website,
Short Message Service (SMS), or external applications (notably including those developed for
smartphones). While the service itself costs nothing to use, accessing it through SMS may incur
phone service provider fees. The website currently has more than 100 million users worldwide.
[6]Twitter, Inc
 |
| Type | Private |
|---|
| Founded | San Francisco, California, USA |
|---|
| Founder | Jack Dorsey
Evan Williams
Biz Stone |
|---|
| Headquarters | San Bruno, California,United States |
|---|
| Area served | Worldwide |
|---|
| Key people | Jack Dorsey (Chairman)
Evan Williams (CEO)
Biz Stone (Creative Director) |
|---|
| Revenue | ▲ $400,000 Q3 (2009) (projected) |
|---|
| Employees | 141[2] |
|---|
| Website | www.twitter.com |
|---|
| Alexa rank | 12[3] |
|---|
| Type of site | mobile social network service,microblogging |
|---|
| Registration | Required |
|---|
| Available in | Multilingual
English, Spanish, Japanese, German, French and Italian |
|---|
| Launched | 2006 |
|---|
| Current status | Active |
|---|
|
Since its creation in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Twitter has gained notability and popularity worldwide. It is sometimes described as "SMS of the Internet."[7] The use of Twitter's application programming interface for sending and receiving text messages by other applications often eclipses direct use of Twitter.
What we have to do is deliver to people the best and freshest most relevant information possible. We think of Twitter as it's not a social network, but it's an information network. It tells people what they care about as it is happening in the world.
History
Twitter began in a "daylong brainstorming session" that was held by board members of the podcastingcompany Odeo in an attempt to break a creative slump. During that meeting, Jack Dorsey introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group, a concept partially inspired by the SMS group messaging service TXTMob.
The working name was just "Status" for a while. It actually didn’t have a name. We were trying to name it, and mobile was a big aspect of the product early on ... We liked the SMS aspect, and how you could update from anywhere and receive from anywhere.
We wanted to capture that in the name—we wanted to capture that feeling: the physical sensation that you’re buzzing your friend’s pocket. It’s like buzzing all over the world. So we did a bunch of name-storming, and we came up with the word "twitch," because the phone kind of vibrates when it moves. But "twitch" is not a good product name because it doesn’t bring up the right imagery. So we looked in the dictionary for words around it, and we came across the word "twitter," and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of inconsequential information," and "chirps from birds." And that’s exactly what the product was.
The original product name or codename for the service was twttr, inspired by Flickr and the fact that American SMS short codes are five characters. The developers initially experimented with "10958″ as a short code, though later changed it to "40404″ for "ease of use and memorability." Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 PM Pacific Standard Time (PST): "just setting up my twttr".[11]
The first Twitter prototype was used as an internal service for Odeo employees, later launching publicly into a full-scale version in July 2006. In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo and all of its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and other shareholders.[12] Twitter later spun off into its own company in April 2007.[13]
The tipping point for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest (SXSW) festival. During the event usage went from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.[14] "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked Newsweek's Steven Levy. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it. Soon everyone was buzzing and posting about this new thing that was sort of instant messaging and sort of blogging and maybe even a bit of sending a stream of telegrams."[15] Reaction at the festival was overwhelmingly positive. Laughing Squid blogger Scott Beale said Twitter "absolutely rul[ed]" SXSW. Social software researcherDanah Boyd said Twitter "own[ed]" the festival.[16] Twitter staff accepted their prize for the festival's Web Award with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"[17]
On March 2010, Twitter has recorded a 1,500 per cent growth in the number of registered users, the number of its employees has grown 500 percent, while over 70,000 registered apps have been created for the microblogging platform, according to the first email newsletter on the company's progress by the website's co-founder Biz Stone.[18]
By the end of 2007, about 500,000 tweets per quarter were posted. By the end of 2008, 100 million tweets per quarter were posted. By the end of 2009, 2 billion tweets per quarter were posted. In the first quarter of 2010, 4 billion tweets per quarter were posted.
On April 11,2010, Twitter announced acquisition of Maker of Tweetie atebits for using Twitter on Mac computers and iPhones. The acquisition price was not disclosed. The application which was $ 2.99 earlier is now made free by twitter and renamed it to Twitter for iPhone, which is now official iPhone app for twitter.[19]
On April 13, 2010, the service, which had been known for having no adverts on the site, announced a plan for including advertising on the site. Rather than showing traditional ads, the site announced that companies would be able to purchase 'promoted tweets', which would be targeted at certain people, depending on their searches on the site, an idea famously used by Google. As of April 13th, Twitter announced it had already signed up a number of companies wishing to advertise, including such brands as Sony Pictures, Red Bull, Best Buy, andStarbucks. [20][21]
Finances
In total, Twitter has raised over US$57 million from venture capitalists. The exact amounts of funding have not been publicly released. Twitter's first round of funding was for an undisclosed amount that is rumored to have been between $1 million and $5 million.[22] Its B round of funding in 2008 was for $22 million[23] and its C round of funding in 2009 was for $35 million from Institutional Venture Partners andBenchmark Capital along with an undisclosed amount from other investors including Union Square Ventures, Spark Capital and Insight Venture Partners.[22] Twitter is backed by Union Square Ventures, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, and Bezos Expeditions.[24]
The Industry Standard has remarked that Twitter's long-term viability is limited by a lack of revenue.[25] Twitter board member Todd Chaffee forecast that the company could make money from e-commerce noting that many users may want to buy items directly from Twitter since they already use it to get product recommendations and since companies already use it to promote products.[26]
Some of Twitter's documents covering revenue and user growth were published onTechCrunch after they were retrieved by the hacker, Croll Hacker. These contained internal projections that in 2009 they would have revenues of $400,000 in the third quarter (Q3) and $4 million in the fourth quarter (Q4) along with 25 million users at the end of the year. The projections for the end of 2013 were $1.54 billion in revenue, $111 million in net earnings, and 1 billion users. No information about how Twitter plans to achieve those numbers has been published. Biz Stone published a blog post suggesting legal action for revealing the details was a possibility.[27]
Technology
Twitter has been described as akin to a Web-based Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client.[28] The Twitter Web interface uses the Ruby on Rails framework,[29] deployed on a Ruby Enterprise Edition rather than a vanilla Ruby implementation for performance reasons.[30]
From the spring of 2007 until 2008 the actual messages were handled by a Ruby persistent queue server called Starling[31] but since 2009 this has been gradually replaced with software written inScala.[32] The service's API allows other web services and applications to integrate with Twitter.[33]To group posts together by topic or type, users make use of hashtags, words or phrases prefixed with a #.[34][dead link] Similarly, the letter d followed by a username allows users to send messages privately to their followers. Otherwise, the @ sign followed by a username publicly states the attached tweets are a reply to (or just mention) any specific users (who can find such recent tweets logged in their interface). [35]
In late 2009, the new "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow (and mention/reply to) lists of authors instead of following individual authors. [4][5]
Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five gateway numbers: short codes for the United States, Canada, India, New Zealand, and an Isle of Man-based number for international use. There is also a short code in the United Kingdom which is only accessible to those on theVodafone, O2 [36] and Orange[37] networks. In India, since Twitter only supports tweets from Bharti Airtel, an alternative platform called smsTweet was set up by a user to work on all networks. A similar platform called GladlyCast[41] exists for mobile phone users in Singapore,Malaysia and the Philippines.
Character limit
The 140-character limit on message length was initially set for compatibility with SMS messaging, and has brought to the web the kind of shorthand notation and slang commonly used in SMS messages. The 140 character limit has also spurred the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, and tr.im, and content hosting services, such as Twitpic, memozu.com andNotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters.
Twitter uses bit.ly for automatically shortening all URLs posted on its website. [42]
Interface
Technology author Steven Johnson describes the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple:"
As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education.
On April 30, 2009, Twitter tweaked its web interface, adding a search bar and a sidebar of "trending topics"—the most common phrases currently appearing in messages. "Every public update sent to Twitter from anywhere in the world 24/7 can be instantly indexed and made discoverable via our newly launched real-time search," explained Biz Stone. "With this newly launched feature, Twitter has become something unexpectedly important—a discovery engine for finding out what is happening right now."[44] Usually very often, teen pop sensationJustin Bieber would be in the trending topics list. But, with the new interface, he has been taken off, and his fans are trying to get him back on the list in any way they can. For example, on May 15, 2010, #pattiesson, was a trending topic referring to his mother, Pattie Mallette. On May 16, 2010, BIEBER TREND, became a trending topic.
Content of Tweets according to Pear Analytics.
San Antonio-based market research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the US and in English) over a 2-week period in August 2009 from 11:00a to 5:00p (CST) and separated them into six categories:[45]
Social networking researcher Danah Boyd responded to the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear researchers labelled "pointless babble" is better characterized as "peripheral awareness" or "social grooming".[46]
Rankings
Twitter is ranked as one of the 50 most popular websites worldwide by Alexa's web traffic analysis.[47] Although estimates of the number of daily users vary because the company does not release the number of active accounts, a February 2009 Compete.com blog entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social network[48] based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits.[48] In March 2009, a Nielsen.com blog ranked Twitter as the fastest-growing site in the Member Communities category for February 2009. Twitter had a monthly growth of 1,382 percent, Zimbio of 240 percent, followed by Facebook with an increase of 228 percent.[49] However, only 40 percent of Twitter's users are retained.[50]
Demographics
Most of Twitter's usage share comes from older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter, said Jeremiah Owyang, an industry analyst studying social media. "Adults are just catching up to what teens have been doing for years," he said.
Just 11 percent of Twitter's users are aged 12 to 17, according to comScore.
comScore attributes this to Twitter's "early adopter period" when the social network first gained popularity in business settings and news outlets, which resulted in an older-skewing early adopter profile. However, comScore as of late, has noted that as Twitter has begun to "filter more into the mainstream, along with it came a culture of celebrity as Shaq, Britney Spears and Ashton Kutcher joined the ranks of the Twitterati."[52]
Outages
When Twitter experiences an outage, users see the "fail whale" error message image created by Yiying Lu,[53] an illustration of red birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean along with the text [54] "Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again."[54]
Twitter experienced approximately 98 percent uptime in 2007, or about six full days of downtime.[55] Twitter's downtime was particularly noticeable during events popular with the technology industry such as the 2008 Macworld Conference & Expo keynote address.[56][57]During May 2008 Twitter's new engineering team made architectural changes to deal with the scale of growth. Stability issues resulted in down time or temporary feature removal.
In August 2008, Twitter withdrew free SMS services to users in the United Kingdom[58] and for approximately five months instant messaging support via a XMPP bot was listed as being "temporarily unavailable".[59] On October 10, 2008, Twitter's status blog announced that instant messaging (IM) service was no longer a temporary outage and needed to be revamped. Twitter aims to return its IM service at some point but says this requires some major work.[60]
On June 12, 2009, in what was called a potential "Twitpocalypse", the unique identifier associated with each tweet exceeded the limit for 32-bit signed integers.[61] While Twitter itself was not affected, some third-party clients found that they could no longer access recent tweets.Patches were quickly released, though some iPhone applications had to wait for approval from the App Store.[62] On September 22, the identifier exceeded the limit for 32-bit unsigned integers, again breaking some third-party clients.[63]
On August 6, 2009, Twitter and Facebook suffered from a denial-of-service attack, causing the Twitter website to be offline for several hours.[64] It was later confirmed that the attacks were directed at one pro-Georgian user around the anniversary of the 2008 South Ossetia War, rather than the sites themselves.[65] A hacking attack was aimed at Twitter on 17 December 2009, replacing for nearly an hour the home website's welcome screen with an image of a green flag and the caption "This site has been hacked by Iranian Cyber Army." It was unknown whether there was indeed any link between the hackers and Iran.[66]
Privacy and security
Twitter collects personally identifiable information about its users and shares it with third parties. The service considers that information an asset, and reserves the right to sell it if the company changes hands.[67] While Twitter displays no advertising, advertisers can target users based on their history of tweets and sometimes may quote tweets in ads.[68]
A security vulnerability was reported on April 7, 2007, by Nitesh Dhanjani and Rujith. Since Twitter used the phone number of the sender of an SMS message as authentication, malicious users could update someone else's status page by using SMS spoofing.[69] The vulnerability could only be used if the spoofer knew the phone number registered to their victim's account. Within a few weeks of this discovery Twitter introduced an optional personal identification number (PIN) that its users could specify to authenticate SMS-originating messages.[70]
On January 5, 2009, 33 high-profile Twitter accounts were compromised after a Twitter administrator's password was guessed by a dictionary attack.[71] Falsified tweets—including sexually explicit and drug-related messages—were then sent from the accounts.[72]
Twitter launched the beta version of its Verified Accounts service on June 11, 2009, allowing famous or notable people to make it clear which Twitter accounts belong to them. The home pages of these verified accounts display a badge to indicate this special status.[73]
In May 2010, a bug was discovered that allowed users to force others to follow them without the other user's knowledge. For example, comedian Conan O'Brien has been following only one person since joining Twitter--Sarah Killen of Michigan. However, as a result of the bug, the list of people O'Brien was following increased to nearly 200. Twitter responded by rolling back all followers to zero on May 10, restoring the original numbers later in the day.[74]
Open Source
Twitter contributes to the open source community through various projects that emerged out of the challenges they faced.[75] Notable projects are the Gizzard Scala framework for creating distributed datastores and the distributed graph database FlockDB.
Reception
Change of focus
A new
mobile version of twitter.com
Twitter emphasized their news and information network strategy in November 2009 by changing the question it asks users for status updates from "What are you doing?" to "What's happening?".[76][77] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Limiting yourself to 140 characters—the maximum for messages on this diabolically addictive social-networking tool—is easy.".[78]
Criticism
The Wall Street Journal wrote that social-networking services such as Twitter "elicit mixed feelings in the technology-savvy people who have been their early adopters. Fans say they are a good way to keep in touch with busy friends. But some users are starting to feel 'too' connected, as they grapple with check-in messages at odd hours, higher cellphone bills and the need to tell acquaintances to stop announcing what they're having for dinner."[79] "Using Twitter for literate communication is about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad", said tech writer Bruce Sterling.[80] "For many people, the idea of describing your blow-by-blow activities in such detail is absurd," hypothesized writer Clive Thompson. "Why would you subject your friends to your daily minutiae? And conversely, how much of their trivia can you absorb? The growth of ambient intimacy can seem like modern narcissism taken to a new, supermetabolic extreme—the ultimate expression of a generation of celebrity-addled youths who believe their every utterance is fascinating and ought to be shared with the world."[81] On the other hand Steve Dotto opines that part of Twitter's appeal is the challenge of trying to publish such messages in tight constraints.[82] "The qualities that make Twitter seem inane and half-baked are what makes it so powerful," says Jonathan Zittrain, professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School.[83]
Nielsen Online reports that Twitter has a user retention rate of 40 percent. Many people drop the service after a month so the site may potentially reach only about 10% of all Internet users.[84] In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the Year" Webby Award.[85][86]
During a February 2009 discussion on National Public Radio's Weekend Edition, Daniel Schorr noted that Twitter accounts of events lacked rigorous fact-checking and other editorial improvements. In response, Andy Carvin gave Schorr two examples of breaking news stories that played out on Twitter and said users wanted first-hand accounts and sometimes debunked stories.[87]
In an episode of The Daily Show on February 26, 2009, guest Brian Williams derided tweets as only referring to the condition of the author in any given instant. Williams implied that he would never use Twitter because nothing he did was interesting enough to publish in Twitter format.[88]
During another episode of The Daily Show on March 2, 2009, host Jon Stewart negatively portrayed members of Congress who chose to "tweet" during President Obama's address to Congress (on February 24, 2009) rather than pay attention to the content of the speech. The show's Samantha Bee satirized media coverage of the service saying "there's no surprise young people love it—according to reports of young people by middle aged people".[89]
In March 2009, the comic strip Doonesbury began to satirize Twitter. Many characters highlighted the triviality of tweets although one defended the need to keep up with the constant-update trend.[90] SuperNews! similarly satirized Twitter as an addiction to "constant self-affirmation" and said tweets were nothing more than "shouts into the darkness hoping someone is listening".[91]
Notable usage
Use in legal proceedings
The first criminal prosecution arising from Twitter posts began in April 2009. FBI agents arrested Daniel Knight Hayden. Hayden was accused of sending tweets threatening violence in connection with his plan to attend a Tea Party protest in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[92]
In July 2009, Horizon Realty Group, a Chicago real estate management company, sued a former tenant, Amanda Bonnen, for libel based on a Twitter message she sent to friends. Horizon contended that Bonnen defamed Horizon by posting a tweet to her friends that said, "You should just come anyway. Who said sleeping in a moldy apartment was bad for you? Horizon realty thinks it's ok." Horizon asked for at least $50,000 for the alleged libel.[93] The lawsuit prompted widespread comment from journalists, bloggers, and legal experts.[94]
Use in education
The Distance College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, used Twitter with native Chinese students as a tool to train communicative and cultural competence. Students had to post a certain number of English tweets and react to the tweets of their fellow students. Twitter was viewed as a supplement to practice in authentic environment different aspects of the target language as it was taught in the classroom. [95]
The University of Vienna, Austria, used Twitter as an evaluation platform for student ratings. Every student had to send a tweet after each course unit with feedback to the teacher. Twitter turned out to be "a useful tool for evaluating a course formatively. Because of Twitter's simple use and the electronic handling of data, the administrative effort remains small."[96]
At the University of Texas at Dallas, Twitter has been incorporated into the actual classroom setting of History courses with big groups of students. This innovative approach gives more students the opportunity to express their views in class discussions. Another advantage of this approach is that the limit of characters forces them to get to the central point.[97]
According to telegraph.co.uk, Twitter is put on the new primary school curriculum. Children should be able to "organise and adjust" speaking and writing skills depending on the technology being used, including using "emails, messaging, wikis and twitters". During the primary years, children should also be taught to speak, write and broadcast using "blogs, podcasts, websites, email [and] video".[98]
In 2009, higher education faculty began using Twitter to help establish social presence and just-in-time interaction with students that are not bound by a learning management system. [99] [100]
Use in emergencies
Research reported in New Scientist in May 2008[101] found that blogs, maps, photo sites and instant messaging systems like Twitter did a better job of getting information out during emergencies than either the traditional news media or government emergency services. The study also found that those using Twitter during the fires in California in October 2007 kept their followers (who were often friends and neighbors) informed of their whereabouts and of the location of various fires minute by minute. Organizations that support relief efforts are also using Twitter. The American Red Cross started using Twitter[102] to exchange minute-to-minute information about local disasters including statistics and directions.[103]
During the 2008 Mumbai attacks eyewitnesses sent an estimated 80 tweets every 5 seconds. Twitter users on the ground helped compile a list of the dead and injured. In addition, users sent out vital information such as emergency phone numbers and the location of hospitals needing blood donations.[104] CNN called this "the day that social media appeared to come of age" since many different groups made significant use of Twitter to gather news and coordinate responses.[104]
In January 2009, US Airways Flight 1549 experienced multiple bird strikes and had to be ditched in the Hudson River. Janis Krums, a passenger on one of the ferries that rushed to help, took a picture of the downed plane as passengers were still evacuating and sent it toTwitpic before any other media arrived at the scene.[105][106] For this picture, he won the Shorty Award for Real-Time Photo of the Year.[107]
The Australian Country Fire Authority used Twitter to send out regular alerts and updates regarding the February 2009 Victorian bushfires.[108] During this time the Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, also used his Twitter account to send out information on the fires, how to donate money and blood, and where to seek emergency help.[109]
Also in April 2009, public health departments used Twitter to provide updates on H1N1 cases.[110]
Used to survey opinion
During the CBC News television coverage of the Canadian federal election on October 14, 2008, the CBC cited tweets regarding Elizabeth May and Stéphane Dion along with a graph of items mentioned on Twitter as evidence that people were calling for Dion to step down in response to the election results.[111]
As of April 26, 2010 the Australian television program Q&A began showing selected tweets on screen during the live broadcast, which carried the hash tag #qanda [112]
Use in campaigning
Twitter was used by candidates in the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign throughout the race. Democratic Party nominee Barack Obama used it for publicity.[113] The Nader–Gonzalez campaign updated its ballot access teams in real time with Twitter and Google Maps.[114] Twitter use increased by 43 percent on the day of the United States' 2008 election.[115]
In 2009, the Republican Party in Connecticut set up fake Twitter accounts in the names of 33 Democratic members of the state legislature. The Republicans used the accounts to send out tweets in the names of the Democrats. When Twitter, Inc. discovered the scheme, it shut down the 33 fake accounts, explaining the applicable company policy: "A person may not impersonate others through the Twitter service in a manner that does or is intended to mislead, confuse or deceive others." The Hartford Courant editorialized: "Republicans get an A for innovation but a D for ethics."[117]
Use in protest and politics
In June 2009, following allegations of fraud in the Iranian presidential election, protesters used Twitter as a rallying tool and as a method of communication with the outside world after the government blocked several other modes of communication.[118][119][120][121] On June 15 Twitter rescheduled a planned 90-minute maintenance outage after a number of Twitter users and the US State Department asked Twitter executives to delay the shutdown because of concerns about the service's role as a primary communication medium by the protesters in Iran.[122][123] CNN's coverage of the conflict was criticized in tweets with the hashtag #CNNfail.[124] Twitter was also used to organize DDoSattacks against Iranian government websites.[125]
In August 2009, when American opponents of President Barack Obama's health insurance reform proposals attacked the British National Health Service, thousands of NHS users took part in a Twitter campaign expressing their support for the NHS with use of the #welovetheNHS hashtag. The hashtag was initiated by Irish comedy writer Graham Linehan, who said he wanted to use a twitter campaign "as a counterweight against the lies of the American right".[126] The campaign also received the support of several politicians including British Prime Minister Gordon Brown.[127][128][129]
New York City activist Elliot Madison used twitter to report an order to disperse message from the Pittsburgh police during the 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh protests. Police raided Madison's hotel room, and one week later Madison's New York home was raided by FBI agents, who conducted a sixteen-hour search. Police claim Madison and a co-defendant used computers and a radio scanner to track police movements and then passed on that information to protesters using cell phones and the social networking site Twitter. Madison is being charged with hindering apprehension or prosecution, criminal use of a communication facility, and possession of instruments of crime. The FBI took miscellany such as refrigerator magnets, and a Curious George stuffed animal, despite that the warrant issued actually asked for evidence that indicated that potentially there were violations of federal rioting laws. In light of the United States Department of State's recent public support of twitter use in the politics of Iran, Moldova, and Honduras it is asked whether the State Department supports free speech in the United States.[130][131][132]
When The Guardian newspaper was served in October 2009 with an unprecedented "super-injunction" banning it from reporting on a parliamentary matter, it published a cryptic article reporting what little it could. The paper claimed that this case appears "to call into question privileges guaranteeing free speech established under the 1688 Bill of Rights".[133][134] Alan Rusbridger, the paper's editor, credited Twitter users with taking the initiative to uncover the muck that the press was not allowed to print, namely that the injunction was taken out by the London solicitors Carter-Ruck on behalf of commodities trader Trafigura, who did not want public discussion of the 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal and the resulting Minton Report (available on Wikileaks [135]) The reporting injunction was lifted the following day, as Carter Ruck withdrew it before The Guardian could challenge it in the High Court.[136] Rusbridger credited the rapid back-down of Carter-Ruck to Twitter,[137] as did a BBC article;[138] the Wikipedia Reference Desk also quickly figured out what the cryptic article referred to.[139]
Twitter came to the attention of the Canadian House of Commons in October 2009 when MP Ujjal Dosanjh apologized on the floor for improperly "tweeting about matters that ought not to have been tweeted about" during in camera proceedings of a parliamentary committee.[140][141]
In October 2009, Twitter once again came to the attention of the Canadian public when Vancouver Councilor Andrea Reimer tweeted regarding the British Columbia Minister of Housing and Social Development Rich Coleman's weight in response to provincial legislation proposed by Coleman to bring homeless people to shelters during extreme weather. Reimer posted that instead of police bringing homeless people to shelters during extreme weather that she was thinking of introducing legislation to have the police bring Coleman toJenny Craig, an international weight loss company, on his next visit to Vancouver.[145] Coleman responded by calling the comment amateurish and from a Councilor that "doesn't know any better." Reimer later apologized for the posting.
In December 2009, Supreme Federal Court of Brazil became the first court in the world to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the actions that arrive daily to the Court, and the most important decisions made by them on Twitter.[146]
Late December 2009 the Ukrainian non-profit organization Interenet-Ukraine launched a project aimed at monitoring 2010 Ukrainian presidential election based on Twitter.[147]
On April 22, 2010, during the United Kingdom general election, 2010, several right-wing British newspapers including the Daily Telegraph, theDaily Mail, the Daily Express and The Sun attacked the leader of the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg, reporting several news stories including political donations made to his private bank account,[148] and making a Nazi slur.[149] This was seen by users on Twitter as a personal attack on Clegg on the day that the second Prime Ministerial television debate was to take place, after he performed well in the first. In response to the articles, Twitter users set up the hashtag #nickcleggsfault, in which people made ironic comments claiming the Clegg was to blame for everything wrong in the world.[151] Some also criticised the Daily Mail's article on Clegg's Nazi slur was based on an article that Clegg wrote in November 2002 in which, "he criticises attitudes to Germany which seem stuck in the 1950s – and fail to recognise how it has reinvented itself since", and made references to the Daily Mail's support for Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.[152] By midday on 22 April, the #nickcleggsfault hashtag was the second-most tweeted hashtag on Twitter globally, second to Earth Day, and the most tweeted hashtag in the United Kingdom.
Use in public relations
In Britain, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills released a Twitter strategy written for the use of other departments. The strategy advised the departments on why Twitter was used by the Government and how they could tweet and promote their doing so effectively.[153] The ICAEW suggested that the document could also be useful to the private sector or as a general introduction to Twitter.[154]
In the United States, a number of environment agencies and NGOs are on Twitter. At the local level, police and fire departments are beginning to use Twitter to keep the public informed of incidents.[155] Some of these departments, such as the Los Angeles Fire Department, issue up to 10 tweets per day.
In October 2008, a draft U.S. Army intelligence report identified Twitter as a "potential terrorist tool". The report said it "is already used by some members to post and/or support extremist ideologies and perspectives."[156][157]
David Saranga of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that on December 30, 2008, that Israel would be the first government to hold a worldwide press conference via Twitter to take questions from the public about the war against Hamas in Gaza.[158]
Use in reporting dissent
On April 10, 2008, James Buck, a graduate journalism student at University of California, Berkeley, and his translator, Mohammed Maree, were arrested in Egypt for photographing a protest against the Egyptian authority's detention of protestors. On his way to the police station Buck used his mobile phone to send the message “Arrested” to his 48 "followers" on Twitter. Those followers contacted U.C. Berkeley, the U.S. Embassy in Cairo, and a number of press organizations on his behalf. Buck was able to send updates about his condition to his "followers" while being detained. He was released the next day from the Mahalla jail after the college hired a lawyer for him.[159]
On April 7, 2009, thousands of students stormed the presidency and the parliament building in Chişinău, the capital of Moldova, accusing the government of electoral fraud. Information about these events was disseminated through Twitter using hashtag #pman. This hashtag came from the name of the central square in Chişinău: Piaţa Marii Adunări Naţionale.[160] Twitter was also used to mobilize for the protests.[161]
Use in space mission news
NASA's Space Station crew tweetup, October 21, 2009.
In February 2009, NASA won a Shorty Award for its near real-time status updates in 2008 of the unmanned Mars Phoenix Lander mission.[162]
In May 2009, astronaut Mike Massimino used Twitter to send updates during the Hubble Space Telescope repair mission (STS-125), the first time Twitter was used by anastronaut in space.[163][164] The STS-125 mission marked another NASA/Twitter first—a post-mission tweetup held July 21, 2009, at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., attended by about 200 members of the general public. The crew of STS-125 was on hand for answer questions.[165]
On October 21, 2009, Nicole Stott and her Expedition 21 crewmate, Jeff Williams, participated in the first tweetup from the International Space Station with about 35 members of the public at NASA headquarters[166] This involved the first live Twitter connection for the astronauts.[167] Previously, astronauts aboard the Space Shuttle or ISS have sent the messages they desire to share as tweets to Mission Control which then posted the messages via the Internet to Twitter.[168]
In November 2009, the launch of STS-129 marked NASA's fifth tweetup, and its first such event ever held during a Shuttle launch at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.[169] One hundred members of the general public, representing Morocco, New Zealand and 21 U.S. states, in addition to the District of Columbia, attended the unprecedented two-day event and, for a time, the #nasatweetup hashtag reached #3 on Twitter's trending topics.[170]
In May 2010, NASA is organizing a tweetup for the STS-132 Space Shuttle Atlantis mission to the International Space Station.
Use in business
Twitter is increasingly being used as a business promotional tool. Twitter encourages this through ‘Twitter 101’, a web-based tutorial aimed at business users.[171]
One of the most famous business Twitter users is Dell, which said that $9m of its 2009 sales came directly through Twitter and Facebook combined.[172] It has been argued that smaller businesses also benefit from using Twitter, since they can compete on equal terms with larger businesses within the Twitter platform. [173] In the UK, a survey indicated that 17% of small British businesses were using Twitter, mainly to attract new customers.
However, increased use of social networking sites has provoked concern about privacy in the workplace, and the protection of company data.[174][175] A survey of 1,400 chief information officers also revealed concerns about the potential for distraction, if workers were given unlimited access to social networking sites such as Twitter.[175]
Twitter will start rolling out advertising to users April 13, 2010, the four-year-old company's first significant attempt to turn its microblogging service into a profitable business.[176]
Use in fundraising
The UK non-profit sector used Twitter to update supporters and potential donors when @BigDaveSB used hashtag #charitytuesday, for which he later shared in a Justgiving Award 2010 for innovative fundraising, using Twitter to keep supporters up to date with regard to progress in a charity jailbreak.[177][178]
Sue Black and others have used Twitter and other social media to raise the profile and funding for Bletchley Park.[179]
Use in prank
All-American Duke basketball player Jon Scheyer played a prank after his team won the 2010 NCAA basketball championship in April 2010. He tweeted his more than 6,700 Twitter followers: "Hollerrrrr at me!!! 847-970-....!"[180][181] But the cell number he shared was that of his former high school teammate, Zach Kelly—rather than his own.[180][181] Even Sports Illustrated was taken in by the ruse.[182] After Kelly had received more than 2,000 text messages and several hundred calls, Scheyer tweeted his fans, begging them to stop texting and calling his friend.[181]
Use in election special coverage
Before, during and after the first automated Philippine elections on May 10, 2010, both television networks including GMA Network[183] andABS-CBN[184][185] continuously posted tweets about the election news and updates including the Maguindanao shootout; explosions in Abra; vote-buying, PCOS machine failures, killings and election-related violence, among many others.[186] This is in part of GMA's Eleksyon 2010[187] and ABS-CBN's Ako Ang Simula: Halalan 2010 special election coverage. People are also asked to send tweets regarding the flow of election - including election failures (ex. PCOS machine delays).[188] YouScoop[189] was also used to send blow-by-blow regional updates, sent by people known as YouScoopers. Partial and unofficial results are then posted by GMA and ABS-CBN's Twitter account starting at 8:00 pm of May 10th (PHT/Philippine time) until the final tally of COMELEC.[190]
Similar services
Main article:
MicrobloggingA number of services similar to Twitter exist, including some which send text messages to multiple people at once. Some services use a concept similar to Twitter's, but add country-specific services or combine the micro-blogging facilities with other services, such as file sharing. Other services provide similar functionality, but are open source.[191] On the other hand, some are within closed networks of corporations, nonprofits, universities, or other organizations.[192]
See also
References
- ^ "Twitter Newsletter 2010 – Edition #1 (Received March 03, 2010)".
- ^ "twitter.com – Traffic Details from Alexa". Alexa Internet, Inc. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
- ^ a b "There's a List for That". blog.twitter.com. October 30, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
- ^ a b "Twitter Lists!". help.twitter.com. November 9, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
- ^ "Twitter snags over 100 million users, eyes money-making". Retrieved April 15, 2010.
- ^ D'Monte, Leslie (April 29, 2009). "Swine flu's tweet tweet causes online flutter". Business Standard. Retrieved May 28, 2009. "Also known as the 'SMS of the internet', Twitter is a free social networking and micro-blogging service"
- ^ Web 2.0 Summit 2009: Evan Williams and John Battelle "A Conversation with Evan Williams", O'Reilly Media, October 21, 2009, retrieved November 1, 2009
- ^ Sano, David (February 18, 2009). "Twitter creator Jack Dorsey illuminates the site's founding document". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
- ^ Dorsey, Jack (2006), "just setting up my twttr", Twitter, retrieved June 19, 2009
- ^ Malik, Om (October 25, 2006). "Odeo RIP, Hello Obvious Corp". GigaOM. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
- ^ Lennon, Andrew. "A Conversation With Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey". The Daily Anchor. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
- ^ Douglas, Nick (March 12, 2007). "Twitter blows up at SXSW Conference". Gawker. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
- ^ Levy, Steven (April 30, 2007). "Twitter: Is Brevity The Next Big Thing". Newsweek. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
- ^ Terdiman, Daniel (March 10, 2007). "To Twitter or Dodgeball at SXSW?". CNET. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
- ^ Stone, Biz (March 14, 2007). "We Won!". Twitter. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ "Twitter registers 1,500 per cent growth in users". 4 March 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
- ^ "Twitter Acquires Atebits, Maker of Tweetie". 11 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
- ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google
- ^ http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/
- ^ a b "Twitter Raises Over $35M in Series C". MarketingVOX. February 16, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
- ^ Womack, Brian (November 12, 2008). "Twitter Shuns Venture-Capital Money as Startup Values Plunge". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
- ^ Miller, Claire Cain (October 16, 2008). "Twitter Sidelines One Founder and Promotes Another". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ Snyder, Bill (March 31, 2008). "Twitter: Fanatical users help build the brand, but not revenue". The Industry Standard. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ Miller, Claire (June 19, 2009). "Twitter Plans to Offer Shopping Advice and Easy Purchasing". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
- ^ Stone, Biz (July 15, 2007). "Twitter, Even More Open Than We Wanted". Twitter. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ Stutzman, Fred (April 11, 2007). "The 12-Minute Definitive Guide to Twitter". AOL Developer Network. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
- ^ Gomes, Lee (June 22, 2009). "The Pied Piper of Pay". Forbes. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- ^ ryan king (September 25, 2009). "Twitter on Ruby". Retrieved October 31, 2009. "We recently migrated Twitter from a custom Ruby 1.8.6 build to a Ruby Enterprise Edition release candidate, courtesy of Phusion. Our primary motivation was the integration of Brent's MBARI patches, which increase memory stability."
- ^ Payne, Alex (January 16, 2008). "Announcing Starling". Twitter. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
- ^ Venners, Bill (April 3, 2009). "Twitter on Scala". Artima Developer. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
- ^ "API Documentation". Google Groups. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
- ^ Flynn, Montana (April 8, 2009). "How To: #Hashtags on twitter (#quote, #followfriday, etc..)". Complimedia. Retrieved June 17, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Strachan, Donald (February 19, 2009). "Twitter: how to set up your account". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
- ^ Andrews, Robert (March 27, 2009). "Twitter brings back UK SMS; Vodafone first, others to follows". The Guardian. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
- ^ "Blog.Twitter.com". Blog.Twitter.com. November 16, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ "gladlyCast >> Update Twitter or Plurk by sending an SMS to a Singapore or Malaysia local number". Singapore. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
- ^ Wauters, Robin (May 6, 2009). "TechCrunch.com". TechCrunch.com. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ Stone, Biz (April 30, 2009). "Twitter Search for Everyone!". Twitter. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Kelly, Ryan, ed. (August 12, 2009), "Twitter Study – August 2009" (PDF), Twitter Study Reveals Interesting Results About Usage, San Antonio, Texas: Pear Analytics, retrieved August 18, 2009[dead link]
- ^ Danah Boyd (August 16, 2009). "Twitter: "pointless babble" or peripheral awareness + social grooming?". Retrieved September 19, 2009.
- ^ "Twitter.com – Traffic Details from Alexa". Alexa Internet. July 13, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
- ^ a b Kazeniac, Andy (February 9, 2009). "Social Networks: Facebook Takes Over Top Spot, Twitter Climbs". Compete.com. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
- ^ McGiboney, Michelle (March 18, 2009). "Twitter's Tweet Smell of Success". Nielsen. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
- ^ Hoffman, Stefanie (April 29, 2009). "Twitter Quitters Outnumber Those Who Stay, Report Finds". United Business Media. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ Lipsman, Andrew (September 2, 2009). "What Ashton vs. CNN Foretold About the Changing Demographics of Twitter". comScore. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ Walker, Rob (February 15, 2009). "Fail Whale". Consumed (New York Times Magazine): p. 17. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ^ a b Whyte, Murray (June 1, 2008). "Tweet, tweet there's been an earthquake; How an online social network chirpily called Twitter is becoming anything but trivial". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ "Twitter growing pains cause lots of downtime in 2007". Pingdom. December 19, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
- ^ Dorsey, Jack (January 15, 2008). "MacWorld". Twitter. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ Kuramoto, Jake (January 15, 2008). "MacWorld Brings Twitter to its Knees". Oracle AppsLab. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ "Changes for Some SMS Users—Good and Bad News". Twitter (blog). August 13, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
- ^ Dorsey, Jack (May 23, 2008). "Twitter IM down May 23rd–May 24th". Get Satisfaction. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
- ^ Williams, Evan (October 10, 2008). "IM: Not coming soon". Twitter status blog. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Siegler, MG (June 12, 2009). "Twitter Moves Up The Twitpocalypse. All Hell May Break Loose Today.". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
- ^ O'Brien, John (June 24, 2009). "The age of the Twitpocalypse". news.com.au. News Limited. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
- ^ Parr, Ben (September 21, 2009). "Twitpocalypse II: Twitter Apps Might Break Tomorrow". Retrieved September 23, 2009.
- ^ Claburn, Thomas (August 6, 2009). "Twitter Downed By Denial Of Service Attack". InformationWeek. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ "Web attack 'aimed at one blogger'". BBC News. August 7, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "CNN: Twitter attacked". Edition.cnn.com. December 18, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ "Twitter Privacy Policy". Twitter. May 14, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
- ^ Hansell, Saul (July 16, 2009). "Advertisers Are Watching Your Every Tweet". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ Gilbertson, Scott (June 11, 2007). "Twitter Vulnerability: Spoof Caller ID To Take Over Any Account". Webmonkey. Retrieved April 6, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Leyden, John (March 6, 2009). "Twitter SMS spoofing still undead". The Register. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
- ^ Stone, Biz (January 5, 2009). "Monday Morning Madness". Retrieved June 17, 2009.
- ^ Bellantoni, Christina; Stephen Dinan (January 5, 2009). "Obama's Twitter site hacked?". The Washington Times. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
- ^ "Twitter power players get shiny 'verified' badges". June 12, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
- ^ "Twitter Bug Lets You Control Who Follows You". Mashable. May 10, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
- ^ http://twitter.com/about/opensource
- ^ "What’s happening? A lot, says Twitter COO | Tech Blog | FT.com". Blogs.ft.com. November 20, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ "Twitter Blog: What's Happening?". Blog.twitter.com. November 19, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV shows, Albums, Books, Character, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends that entertained us over the past 10 years". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84
- ^ Lavallee, Andrew (March 16, 2007). "Friends Swap Twitters, and Frustration". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ Jason, Pontin (April 22, 2007). "From Many Tweets, One Loud Voice on the Internet". The New York Times. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Thompson, Clive (September 5, 2009). "I'm So Totally, Digitally Close to You". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
- ^ Lewis, Nick (April 16, 2009). "Tweet this: It's the year of the Twitter". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved April 13, 2009.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (June 20, 2009). "Twitter on the Barricades: Six Lessons Learned". The New York Times. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Goldsmith, Belinda (April 29, 2009). "Many Twitters are quick quitters: study". Reuters (Thompson Reuters). Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ "13th Annual Webby Special Achievement Award Winners". Webby Awards. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
- ^ Paul, Ian (May 5, 2009). "Jimmy Fallon Wins Top Webby: And the Winners Are PC World May 5 2009". PC World. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
- ^ Carvin, Andy (February 28, 2009). "Welcome to the Twitterverse". National Public Radio. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
- ^ "Brian Williams". Comedy Central. February 26, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
- ^ "Twitter Frenzy". Comedy Central. March 2, 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ Trudeau, Garry (March 2, 2009). "Doonesbury@Slate Daily Dose 3 March 2009". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
- ^ Faure-Brac, Josh (March 16, 2009). "Twouble with Twitters // Current". SuperNews!. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ Poulsen, Kevin (April 24, 2009). "FBI Arrests Oklahoma Teabagger For Twitter Threats". Wired News. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
- ^ "Defamation lawsuit for US tweeter". BBC News. July 29, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
- ^ Meyerson, Ben; Wang, Andrew (July 29, 2009). "Tweet lawsuit: Chicago Landlord sues ex-tenant over tweet complaining about apartment".Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
- ^ Borau, K; Ullrich, C; Feng, JJ, et al.. "Microblogging for Language Learning: Using Twitter to Train Communicative and Cultural Competence" (in English). 8th International Conference on Web Based Learning (ICWL 2009). Retrieved October 23, 2009.
- ^ Stefan Stieger; Christoph Burger. "Let's go formative: Continuous student ratings with Web 2.0 application Twitter". Mary Ann Liebert Inc – Cyberpsychology and Behavior. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
- ^ "Twitter in the Classroom".
- ^ Graeme Paton (march 26, 2009). "Twitter is put on new primary school curriculum".
- ^ Dunlap, J. C.; Lowenthal, P. R. (2009). "Horton hears a tweet". EDUCAUSE Quarterly 32 (4).
- ^ Dunlap, J. C.; Lowenthal, P. R. (2009). "Tweeting the night away: Using Twitter to enhance social presence". Journal of Information Systems Education 20 (2): 129-136.
- ^ Palmer, Jason (May 2, 2008). "Emergency 2.0 is coming to a website near you". New Scientist. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
- ^ "American Red Cross". Twitter. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ Bloxham, Andy (December 20, 2008). "Facebook 'more effective than emergency services in a disaster". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
- ^ a b Busari, Stephanie (November 27, 2008). "Tweeting the terror: How social media reacted to Mumbai". CNN. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ^ Cellan-Jones, Rory (January 16, 2009). "Twitter and a classic picture". BBC. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
- ^ Marrone, Matt (January 16, 2009). "Twitter grabs spotlight with Janis Krums' US Airways crash photo, then won't shut up about it". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_201003/ai_n50700750/
- ^ Young, Emma (February 10, 2009). "Crisis puts a new face on social networking". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
- ^ "Kevin Rudd". Twitter. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ Kieffman, Sandy (July 27, 2009). "Health pros atwitter over tweeting". Contra Costa Times (Philly.com). Retrieved August 21, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Basen, Ira (October 13, 2008). "The politics of Politics 2.0". CBC News. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ Knox, David (April 14, 2008). "Q & A hot on Twitter". tvtonight.com.au. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ Obama, Barack (May 7, 2008). "Twitter / BarackObama". Twitter. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ Nader, Ralph (July 13, 2008). "VoteNader.org – Road-trip Across America". Nader for President 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
- ^ Whitney, Daisy (November 5, 2008). "CNN, MSNBC Web Sites Most Popular on Election Day". TV Week (Crain Communications). Retrieved November 6, 2008.
- ^ "GOP's Fake Twitter Accounts Cross Line". The Hartford Courant. October 8, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ Veiszadeh, Ehssan (June 16, 2009). "Twitter freedom's only link in Iran". The Australian. Retrieved June 16, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Berman, Ari (June 15, 2009). "Iran's Twitter Revolution". The Nation. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ Bright, Arthur (June 15, 2009). "Iranian media crackdown prompts Tweets and blogs". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ "Iran Protesters Using Tech To Skirt Curbs". CBS News. June 15, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ LaVallee, Andrew (June 15, 2009). "Web Users in Iran Reach Overseas for Proxies". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- ^ Musgrove, Mike (June 17, 2009). "Twitter Is a Player In Iran's Drama". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
- ^ Terdiman, Daniel (June 14, 2009). "'#CNNFail': Twitterverse slams network's Iran absence". CNet.
- ^ "Cyber activists target Iranian government websites". June 17, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ Mann, Bill. "Graham Linehan’s We Love the NHS campaign shows political power of Twitter", The First Post, 2009-8-14.
- ^ Prince, Rosa (August 13, 2009). "Telegraph.co.uk". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ "Linehan attacks American 'lies' over NHS". Channel 4. August 14, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
- ^ Jacobson, Seth (August 12, 2009). "How Father Ted creator Graha Linehan sparked NHS backlash on Twitter". The First Post. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
- ^ "Twitter Crackdown: NYC Activist Arrested for Using Social Networking Site during G-20 Protest in Pittsburgh". Democracy Now!. October 6, 2009.
- ^ "Man Arrested for Twittering Goes to Court, EFF Has the Documents". Electronic Frontier Foundation. October 5, 2009.
- ^ Amy Goodman (October 6, 2009). "Watch What You Tweet". truthdig.
- ^ Guardian gagged from reporting parliament, The Guardian], October 12, 2009
- ^ Press Gazette, 13 October 2009, Guardian gagged from reporting Parliament
- ^ Minton report: Trafigura toxic dumping along the Ivory Coast broke EU regulations, 14 Sep 2006[dead link]
- ^ The Guardian, 13 October 2009, Gag on Guardian reporting MP's Trafigura question lifted
- ^ Logged in as click here to log out (October 14, 2009). "Guardian.co.uk". Guardian. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ Higham, Nick (October 13, 2009). "News.BBC.co.uk". News.BBC.co.uk. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2009 October 12#the mysterious British House of Commons
- ^ Hall, Chris. "Twoops!" Political Bytes. CBC News. 20 October 2009.
- ^ Canadian House of Commons. Hansard. 20 October 2009.
- ^ "Low Blow"[dead link], 24 Hours, October 30, 2009, Page 3.
- ^ (Portuguese) "Página do STF no Twitter está no ar" (12/01/009). STF Official Website. Consulted on December 5, 2009.
- ^ Internews-Ukraine launches Twitter election project, Kyiv Post (January 5, 2010)
- ^ Winnett, Robert; Swaine, Jon (22 April, 2010). "General Election 2010: Nick Clegg under pressure to explain private account donations".Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 April, 2010.
- ^ Shipman, Tim (22 April, 2010). "'I've gone from being Churchill to a Nazi in a week': Clegg defends attack on Britain's 'delusions of grandeur' over WWII". Daily Mail. Retrieved 22 April, 2010.
- ^ "#nickcleggsfault Twitter campaign blames everything on Nick Clegg". Metro. 22 April, 2010. Retrieved 22 April, 2010.
- ^ Clegg, Nick (19 November, 2002). "Don't mention the war. Grow up". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April, 2010.
- ^ Williams, Neil (July 21, 2009). "Template Twitter strategy for Government Departments". Cabinet Office Digital Engagement blog. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ "UK Government gets guide to Twitter". ICAEW, eChartech. September 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ Clark, George E. (September/October 2009). "Bytes of Note – Environmental Twitter". Environment 51 (5): 5–6. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
- ^ "Spy Fears: Twitter Terrorists, Cell Phone Jihadists". . October 24, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
- ^ "Al Qaida – Like Mobile Discussions and Potential Creative Uses" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- ^ Sieradski, Daniel (December 29, 2008). "Israeli Consulate to hold public press conference via Twitter". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
- ^ Simon, Mallory (April 25, 2008). "Student "Twitters" his way out of Egyptian jail". CNN. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (April 7, 2009). "Moldovans Turn to Twitter to Organize Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- ^ "Students use Twitter to storm presidency in Moldova". The Daily Telegraph. April 7, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- ^ Dwayne Brown (February 10, 2009). "NASA Receives Shorty Twitter Award". NASA. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
- ^ Malik, Tariq (May 11, 2009). "Now, even NASA astronaut is on Twitter". msnbc.com. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- ^ Bates, Claire (May 13, 2009). "Hubble astronaut sends first ever Twitter message from space to say he is 'enjoying the view'". Daily Mail. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
- ^ "20090721 NASA Tweetup". NASA. July 21, 2009.
- ^ Carla Cioffi (October 21, 2009). "20091021 NASA Live Tweetup Event with International Space Station". NASA.
- ^ John Yembrick (October 1, 2009). "NASA Hosts Long-Distance Tweetup with Astronauts on Space Station". NASA. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ Etan Horowitz (May 22, 2009). "The great debate over Astro Mike's 'tweets from space'". The Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
- ^ "NASA Tweetup For Space Shuttle Atlantis Liftoff in Florida". NASA. October 19, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
- ^ "Twitterers to report on shuttle launch". Associated Press. November 16, 2009.
- ^ "'Twitter 101: a special guide'". Retrieved March 20, 2010.
- ^ Stuart Turton (March 3, 2010). "'Twitter earned Dell $9 million'". PC Pro. Retrieved March 20th, 2010.
- ^ "'Small businesses are using networks to become bigger'". The Economist. Jan 28th, 2010. Retrieved March 20th, 2010.
- ^ Emma Barnett (Mar 20th, 2010). "'Have business networking sites finally come of age?'". The Telegraph. Retrieved March 20th, 2010.
- ^ a b "'A world of connections'". The Economist. Jan 28th, 2010. Retrieved March 20th, 2010.
- ^ [http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/04/13/twitter-start-rolling-advertising/?test=latestnews
- ^ "Technicavitica".
- ^ "'Justgiving Awards'".
- ^ Sue Black, Jonathan P. Bowen, and Kelsey Griffin, Can Twitter Save Bletchley Park? In David Bearman and Jennifer Trant (editors),MW2010: Museums and the Web 2010, Denver, USA, 13–17 April 2010. Archives & Museum Informatics.
- ^ a b TheBigLead. "Jon Scheyer Was So Excited Last Night, He Tweeted His Phone Number". The Big Lead. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
- ^ a b c Around Town 8:44 p.m. CDT, April 7, 2010. "Jon Scheyer prank backfires on friend". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
- ^ "Emmanuelle Chriqui; Fans bash 'One Shining Moment': Hot Clicks – SI.com – Extra Mustard". Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
- ^ http://www.twitter.com/gma_news_tv
- ^ http://www.twitter.com/abscbndotcom
- ^ http://www.twitter.com/abscbnnewstv
- ^ http://news.ph.msn.com/regional/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4079002
- ^ http://www.gmanews.tv/eleksyon2010
- ^ http://www.igma.tv/forum/showthread.php
- ^ http://www.gmanews.tv/youscoop
- ^ http://www.twitter.com/eleksyon_2010
- ^ "Identi.ca—open-source Twitter?". Retrieved January 5, 2010.
- ^ Calore, Michael (May 15, 2007). "Twitter Cloning: Tiny Blogs Bloom Everywhere". Wired (magazine). Retrieved June 17, 2009.
February 6th, 2010 | Author: 
